Perfect participle: having + pp
The action in the participle clause is completed BEFORE the main clause action.
Having read the report, she submitted it. / Having lived abroad for years, he was fluent in French.
Passive perfect participle: having been + pp
The subject was acted upon by someone/something else before the main clause.
Having been rejected twice, he stopped applying. / Having been presented with the evidence, she changed her mind.
Passive present participle: being + pp
The subject is being acted upon at the same time as or just before the main clause.
Being questioned by the police, she remained calm. / Being treated unfairly, he complained to HR.
Absolute construction: NP + participle (own subject)
The participle clause has its own subject, independent of the main clause. Formal/literary.
The meeting over, the delegates dispersed. / The negotiations having been concluded, both sides signed. / Weather permitting, we will proceed.
With + object + participle (accompanying circumstance)
'With' + noun phrase + present participle (ongoing action) or past participle (state/result).
With her arms folded, she waited patiently. (past participle, a state)
With his voice trembling, he read the verdict. (present participle, an action)
Dangling participle (to avoid)
The participle clause subject must match the main clause subject. If not, it 'dangles'.
✅ Walking home, I saw a fox.
❌ Walking home, a fox crossed my path. (the fox wasn't walking home)
Set absolute expressions (no subject agreement required)
Fixed expressions used as sentence adverbs, so subject agreement is not required.
Generally speaking, prices are rising. / Strictly speaking, this isn't correct. / Weather permitting, the race will start at noon.